Primary sources, related work, and datasets powering this project.
Official IEA data product covering AI energy demand, data centre growth, and electricity projections by region and scenario.
Live interactive portal tracking real-time AI energy metrics, data centre capacity, and country-level consumption breakdowns.
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab report covering PUE ranges, total U.S. data centre electricity use, and hardware efficiency trends. Source for our 1.1–2.4x PUE assumption.
IEA report projecting global and regional electricity demand through 2026, including data centre consumption scenarios. Source for the regional TWh figures and 2022–2026 projections in Viz 4 and Viz 5.
Vendor specifications for NVIDIA data centre GPUs (Volta through Hopper) — TDP, compute throughput, and memory bandwidth. Source for the GPU architecture efficiency chart in Viz 5.
Benchmark scores across GPU generations — used to quantify gen-over-gen efficiency improvements in our hardware analysis.
Comprehensive GPU spec sheet including TDP, memory bandwidth, compute units, and release dates across NVIDIA and AMD product lines.
IEA report chapter on projected AI electricity demand through 2030, broken out by training vs. inference workloads and scenario assumptions.